How Animals Work

Nutritional implications of work in draught animals.

Draught animals have not been used to any great extent in agriculture in the developed countries since the introduction of tractor power in the 1930s and the rapid expansion of agricultural mechanization over the succeeding decades. In the Third World, however, draught-animal power continues to make an important contribution to rural and urban economies. In fields that tractors cannot reach, su...

How Polymeric Coatings Work

and distribution system, approximately 70 to 90 percent of the energy used is for pumping. With the rising cost of electricity, more municipalities are searching for technologies to improve operational efficiency. One method for improving the efficiency of pumps is to line the pumps with a polymeric coating system. Polymeric systems have been shown to provide increased flow at the desired press...

Pharmacodynamics: How Drugs Work

How does EMDR work?

Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective treatment for alleviating trauma symptoms, and the positive effects of this treatment have been scientifically confirmed under wellcontrolled conditions. This has provided an opportunity to explore how EMDR works. The present paper reports on the findings of a long series of experiments that disproved the hypothesis that eye m...

How LVADs Work

Left ventricular assist devices have become an established treatment for patients with advanced heart failure, as a bridge to transplantation or recovery, or as a long-term option for those who are not candidates for cardiac transplantation (destination therapy). Although studies have clearly shown that LVADs can signifi cantly improve quality of life for patients, there are substantial risks a...